ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. friendly, but after the inception of the British Protectorate of Uganda in 1894, which included [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; 1544957. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. southern parts of the country. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Politics has been around for millennia. [9], In the 2000s, James Ojent Latigo described some of Uganda's social problems as based on the way the political elites have used ethnicities to divide the country. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team million first language speakers at the time. [28], In 2012 the American charity Invisible Children produced a documentary about the LRA. While rwodi, Under Ugandan Pres. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. Orientation (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. This included both agricultural and hunting land. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. Identification. The Southern Lwoo language group The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. (1976). Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. More Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Acholi chiefdoms ranged in population from under 1,000 to as many as 20,000 people and consisted of a number of fenced villages, each with recognized land rights vested in the patrilineal lineage (kaka ) at its core. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. traditional local forms of organisation were based on smaller units, often only consisting of This cookie is set by Youtube. Political Organization. of as dialects of Acholi. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. . During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was Corrections? Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. Political Organization. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. . During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Conflict. Ocheng, D. O. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. Identification. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. When conflict did ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the famines forced groups to move within the Acholi territory and create more cohesive forms of The history and politics of ethnicity and language 37. p. 41). ." The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. London: James Currey. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. London: James Currey. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). (February 23, 2023). Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Congo. However, this number is most likely considerably During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. into the independence era. In . During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Whitmire (2013) on the other hand argued that a PUBLISHED: 27/01/2023. interpolity interactions at the county level. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. The insurgency's military. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Orientation In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in T(h)uri Kumam It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). Instead, the Acholi were integrated in the Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial A.D. Of their history during this time only little is known. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. Behrend, Heike (1991). But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. the northern regions, this relationship changed. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Malandra, Alfred (1939). [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. Webster, J. (1988). Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. Death and Afterlife. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Langlands, B. W. (1971). "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. The account of the Acholi reaching Land Tenure. Trade. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. The essential lawlessness of the Idi Amin and Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. Identification. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. Acholi men say, Property cant own property, and the notion of women having independent land rights is an anomaly to them. 61). supported them at first also regretted their support after seeing the sufferings of Acholi in development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. L. No. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both Social Organization. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. At the height of the insurgency, 1.8 million people in the north were living in camps. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife.