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. stream For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. The total area of U.S. overseas bases is reported in Department of Defense, Base Structure ReportFiscal Year 2015 Baseline: A Summary of the Real Property Inventory, Washington, DC, 2015, 84. Relief shown by hachures. But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. $.' Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt 4 0 obj Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . (New York, 2006), 179. Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. The country claimed 94 such islands . Pdf. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. <> - Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood endobj But those familiar borders only held for four years. currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. in 1999, Purchased from Denmark This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . Also available in digital form. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) The Journal of American History has never printed his name. - Shattuc, W. B. An acquisition occurs when a buying company . 24. United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; state.gov. 30. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). 1848. Leadership Task 2 The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. The logo-map silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). In popular memory, it remains the good war, a war focused mainly on the goal of stopping Hitlers crusade through Europe. Sectionalism map of the united states; Zone in Germany (17,174): figures from October 1946 census reported in The Demography of War: Germany, Population Index 14 (1948): 299; Continental United States (132,481): Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: 1975), part I, 8. 30. Treaty of Paris Each franchise was licensed to operate within a . This was not just a war to defend the sovereignty of countries in Europe and Asia. 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. After thousands of whites poured into the territory, many in breach of federal law, it was eventually admitted as a white-majority state in 1907. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. At upper left margin: No. Expansion . We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. Islands. 33. 18. Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. 8. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Also available in digital form. As it gained power, it shed territory. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . Frank Ninkovich offers an overview of the historiography in The United States and Imperialism, in Robert D. Schulzinger, ed., A Companion to American Foreign Relations (Malden, MA, 2003), 79102. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a 23. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. Albizus long career defies easy summary. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. In 1947, the Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, and Marshall Islands became the most recent U.S. territorial acquisitions, as of August 2021. 1848. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. 27. It has proved to be such an enduring category of analysis because of its capaciousness. (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). The Greater United States is not my term. 1. U.S. 8. In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. 2. Albizu presents something of a puzzle. There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. It was a moment when the United States briefly flirted with outright territorial conquest before turning toward other, harder-to-see forms of global power. https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . Don't use plagiarized sources. 7. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. Includes notes and statistics table including population and distances. It included an extended period of martial law in Hawaii. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. Gadsden Purchase. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 W.B. Discussion Board 5 12 following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; 27. The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. ed. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. and Germany, Leased from Panama References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". (Oxford, 1989). But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. 1846. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. One might think its because U.S. historians are exceptionalists and dont pay attention to empire. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. The first sixteen chiefs of staff, until 1948, all served in the colonies. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the 16. 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. 15. Nevertheless, the broad point that the continental and extra-continental populations were roughly equal holds under any reasonable accounting. 1853. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. But they are not the whole of it. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. 37. The country's first and largest territorial acquisition was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $10 million; it nearly doubled the landmass of the original 13 states. 1 0 obj It featured a clean division between home front and battlefield and left the United States largely unscathed, with the sole and notable exception of the attack on Hawaii at Pearl Harbor. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. Fifteen years before his famous address to the American Historical Association, the Epic of Greater America, Bolton published a series of classroom maps and an atlas with Albert Bushnell Hart. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. Annexation of independent republic. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner.