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This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. The right reacted with fervor. The government of Spain's Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has started the process to open up a mass grave containing the remains of more than 33,000 victims of the country's 1936-39 civil war. The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. Printer Friendly. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. | They decided to Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. force, beginning in October 1936 with the creation of the Popular Army, which, an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. Many people who believed in Pan-Slavism wanted Russia to extend its borders into the Balkans. Pan-Slavism was preached by leading Russians in the years of the Russo-Turkish War. Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. (p. 793), Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft. Spanish popular front One major difference setting the Nationalists apart from the Republicans was Fourth French Republic. The Schlieffen Plan was constructed by Germany to deal with fighting a two-front war. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. AP European History: Post-War Europe {{cp.topicAssetIdToProgress[11397].percentComplete}}% complete Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state. the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II; the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. In 1934 there was widespread labour conflict and a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was suppressed by troops led by General Francisco Franco. Many more small nations joined the Allies. creating and saving your own notes as you read. aircraft and Soviet military advisors. By all rights, the legitimate, elected government should have won this struggle against a handful of insurgent generals. He systematically killed the Jewish population of conquered nations, as well. pact in which Chamberlain accepted the seperation of the Sudetenland from the Czechs. Terms in this set (376) . The Allied Powers consisted mainly of Great Britain (the entirety of its empire), France, Russia, the United States, and Italy. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. The Spanish Civil War Began on July 17th, 1936 The mutiny in July 1936 by army units stationed in Spanish Morocco was the prelude to a three-year bloody civil war. More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. Thus strengthened, the Loyalists fought desperately against Franco and his supporters (including the Roman Catholic Church, of whom they murdered more than 1000 priests and nearly 300 nuns). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The Spanish Civil War was triggered by a complex range of events that were highly significant not only for the future of Spain, but also for the development of European politics in 20 th century. emperor of Japan during WWII. He was a Swiss reformed Christian theologian and a leader in the neo-orthodox movement. The Nationalists drove a salient eastward through Teruel, reaching the Mediterranean and splitting the republic in two in April 1938. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. brutal massacre 1500 died and 800 were wounded, but the military targets in the The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell When Franco was proclaimed head of the Nationalist government on German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. Associated with the phrase "God, death, what is higher.". Proofread the following paragraphs, correcting any misspelled words or errors in the use of numbers. a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. Kafka's works - including the stories Das Urteil (1913, "The Judgement"), In der Strafkolonie (1920, "In the Penal Colony"); the novella Die Verwandlung ("The Metamorphosis"); and unfinished novels Der Prozess ("The Trial") and Das Schlo ("The Castle") - have come to embody the blend of absurd, surreal and mundane which gave rise to the adjective "kafkaesque". government took power. Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer, an fascist political organization founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. by the end of March. It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. Then, use the word and definition to create a matching quiz. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. support was not enough. Ferried back to Spain in Italian ships, under the leadership of the general Francisco Franco, the Nationalists, as they were called, took control of the Spanish central region, which supported the rising. estimates. On April 25, 1937, the small northern town of Guernica was bombed by the The Spanish Civil War by Antony Beevor Beevor's concise and detailed account of the Spanish Civil War presents the complex mix of events in a clear manner, using a smooth and readable narrative with an excellent appraisal of both the broader situations and the difficulties faced by individual soldiers. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. The Loyalists and their international volunteers fled, or were captured, tortured and murdered. First amphibious invasion ever. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. Free trial is available to new customers only. The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war. One of the most famous 20th-century artists, he is credited with painting the first modern abstract works. for a customized plan. EXAMPLE: 5 days ago, members of my family joined in a lovly birthday celebration for my great-auntes. How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? Nationalist forces put the figure at 1,000,000, including not only those killed in battle but also the victims of bombardment, execution, and assassination. It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. great quantity. international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." The Nationalists had no such Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Catalonia fell during February, and Valencia and Madrid collapsed Sarmad Kako 7th period DBQ Essay The Thirty Years War devastated all of Europe from 1618-1648. Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it was a non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the Soviet Union. Despite the absence of a real legal basis, the ICRC managed to negotiate access to prisoners and organized help for civilians. the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. II. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. Germany and Japan signed this, promising a common front against communisim. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. It was the first World War II conference among the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was present. The The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. The command structure of The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. The War of Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht . The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans underFrancisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrn. disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the Good Night and have a pleasant tomorrow. Russian revolutionary, "Father of anarchy," critiqued Marxism, involved in the first international and led many revolts in Russia against the tsar, German republican govt 1919-1933, result of Treaty of Versailles and Kaiser Wilhelm's abdication, First German chancellor during Weimar Republic, a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during and just after the politically volatile years of World War I, a Polish-born Marxist political theorist, socialist philosopher, and revolutionary. The Cold War between the democratic West and communist East lasted from 1945-1991. prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Entente Cordiale was an agreement between Britain and France to support each other against protests by a third nation and in which they cleared up conflicts about over-seas possessions (such as British occupation of Egypt and French penetration of Morocco). Their intervention in the Spanish Civil War was a prologue to World War IL. (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. AKA Battle of the Ardennes started on December 16, 1944. planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. Gavrilo Princip was a member of a secret society named Black Hand and was the assassinator of Franz Ferdinand. The league was shaken twiceonce by the Congress of Berlin and again when the Balkans became disputed againbut remained until the forming of the Triple Alliance. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. Franz Ferdinand was emperor of Austria from 1896 until his death. He supported the rebels against the one of the dominant political figures in 20th century Ireland. She was a theorist of the Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland, later becoming involved in the German SPD, followed by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. (Crimea Conference or codenamed the Argonaut Conference) the wartime meeting from February 4 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. Tolls is such an international brigadier. However, many other invasions and operations had a designated D-Day, both before and after Operation Overlord. Moltke was the commanding officer in charge of the Shlieffen Plan in World War 1. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. a document that is an attempt to control king (Charles I) included: -no taxes unless approved by Parliament -no forced loans, no martial law in peacetime, no imprisonment without trial, no quartering of soldiers -KING NOT ABOVE LAW Charles agreed to the petition only because he needed the money lead up to Civil War Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! The actual Manhattan Project did not take place in NY. He sought to introduce mathematics into philosophy, and rejected ambiguities of languages applied to morals and values. Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group. Picasso, who had allied himself with the Republican cause, read about the massacre of defenseless civilians and the theme of the mural for the Spanish Pavilion suddenly presented itself. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. That it did not has to do with the behavior of the onlooker European nations. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. Far from being just an internal event, the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 also had a great deal of global influence, attracting left-wing volunteers from all over the world to help . Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). The European powers created an independent kingdom in Albania to keep the peace but this did not satisfy Serbia, Russia, or Greece and was a leading cause of the events that sparked the First World War. Contact us In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. Ch. extreme right. an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. A naval base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which forced America to enter the war, Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. Nationalist, fascist leadership proved more effective at carrying Picasso uses jagged, fragmented forms and distorted faces to great effect, creating an atmosphere of panic and terror. Generals Goded, Mola, and Francisco Franco The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. Their blanket bombing on April 26, 1937 of the Basque town of Guernica was a tragedy not only for the Basques, but for the whole world., now introduced to a new tactic the deliberate bombing of unwarned civilians. Fascism was on the march. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. Nationalists suffered from incompetent junior officers, but not to the same - Chevy Chase, SNL . Austria did not want the Serbs to gain access to the sea, so they too wanted Albania for themselves. These were delivered along with the usual political commissars, urging allegiance to the partly line. 100 Years' War Four causes are a dynastic dispute, Duchy of Aquitaine (England claim as ancient inheritance, Edward III claim Aquitaine and FR throne as edest heir of Philip the Frair), civil war in FR made war longer, economic factors (Flanders wool important to ENG). The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. For each of the following sentences, tell whether the italicized word or word group functions as an adjective or an adverb. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. confused about its identity and ideology. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This occupation cost the French the good will of the United Kingdom and the United States, who presumably thought this was too harsh an action and not warranted by the circumstances. They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power Along with Marcel Proust and Virginia Woolf, he is a key figure in the development of the modernist novel. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. 20% Germany and Italy sent troops, tanks, and planes to aid the Nationalists. In any event, the proliferation of executions, murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed. The alliance started to break apart in 1936, completely disbanding in 1938. was the effective ruler and later formal head of state of first parts of Spain from October 1936 and then all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. Its earliest use was to describe individual political radicals unconnected with any party. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. difficulties. a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. If a sentence contains an incorrect comma, draw a caret (^) over the comma, and write the correct punctuation above the caret. Franco's ensuing rein was one of oppression and tradition. The Germans handed the Austrians a "blank check" in how to deal with Serbia after Franz Ferdinand's assassination. boredom, disillusionment, or a desire for adventure as often as genuine Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. Project for AP Euro about the Spanish Civil War. The captaincy of the Nationalists was gradually assumed by General Franco, leading forces he had brought from Morocco. Austrian Chancellor who refused to be intimidated by Hitler and decided to announce a plebiscite on March 13th in which Austrian people themselves could decide whether to unite with Germany. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. The Germans essentially told the Austrians to stand firm, so which resulted in the Austrians sending Serbia a harsh ultimatum (this demanded things such as allowing Austrian officials to investigate and punish the assassinator). an influential Swiss Reformed Christian theologian. He proved incapable of managing the state during the time of political turmoil before the end of WWI, and was forced to abdicate his throne during the Russian Revolution in 1917. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! The following day the remnant of the Republican government surrendered; Franco would establish himself as dictator and remain in power until his death on November 20, 1975. of the army was the most successful of the nationalist forces, and he was a Renaissance & Exploration 1450-1648 . Spanish Civil War, (193639) Military revolt against the government of Spain. Omissions? On March 5 the Republican government flew to exile in France. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. The Spanish conflict quickly generated worldwide fears that it could explode into a full-fledged European war. The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matriel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. The Three Emperor's League consisted of Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary, William I of Germany, and Alexander II of Russia but was formed mainly by Julius Andrssy, Bismarck, and Prince Gorchakov to keep peace between Austria-Hungary and Russia and to keep the conservative European forces together. Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. "Monty", was a British Army officer. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. The Algeciras Conference was begun by Germany after it had tested the new French-British understanding by sending a warship to the Tangier where Kaiser William II made a speech favoring Moroccan independence. AP Euro. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. suppressing a Filipino rebellion against increased control by a foreign government adopting a policy of containment to reduce European colonization around the world C adopting a policy of containment to reduce European colonization around the world annexing Hawaii and Puerto Rico into the United States after the Spanish-American War D