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Today, some Louisianians identify exclusively as either Cajun or Creole, while others embrace both identities. The French later favored a roux for thickening. Black Last Names starting from B Blevins - wolflike Burkes - burg Bienaime - someone who lived in Gascony Bunton - right little pet Bibb - nursery Byars - Bye Beckles - meadow Beaver - a place with a beautiful view Berryman - one who dwelt at the castle Burr - hill Brower - a person who made beer Belt - strap maker Bird - nestling Like "Cajun," the term "Creole" is a popular name used to describe cultures in the southern Louisiana area. Louisiana f Louisiana Creole (Rare), English (Rare) Derived from the name of the state which was based on the French masculine name Louis. Quickly recognizing the . Cajun Names; Cajun Last Names; Cajun Female Names; Cajun French Last Names; Cajun Male Names; Cajun First Names; Funny Cajun Names; Cajun Names For Dogs; Cajun Pet Names; More Cajun Names; Conclusion; Cajun Names. Most importantly, Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole remained the languages of the majority of the population of the state, leaving English and Spanish as minority languages. Forebears knows about 53,529 unique surnames in Haiti and there are 198 people per name. They could and often did challenge the law in court and won cases against whites. Early Louisiana census reports used racial terms like multre and fmc (free man of color) to indicate Black Creoles, but modern population studies do not specifically identify Black Creoles. Guadeloupean In the late 1710s the transatlantic slave trade imported slaves into the colony. It developed from French colonists trying to make bouillabaisse with New World ingredients. Although shotgun houses are often associated with plantation quarters, they have frequently been gentrified in construction for middle-class Creoles and others by being widened, elevated, trimmed with Victorian gingerbread, and otherwise made fancier than the unpainted board-and-batten shacks of slaves and sharecroppers. In addition, upper-class French Creoles thought that many of the arriving Americans were uncouth, especially the rough Kentucky boatmen (Kaintucks) who regularly visited the city, having maneuvered flatboats down the Mississippi River filled with goods for market. When women do work outside the home, roles as teachers, nurses, and professional support services dominate. The African-West Indian character of this port city and nearby plantation region was reinforced at the turn of the nineteenth century by the arrival of nearly ten thousand slaves, free Blacks, and planters from St. Domingue (Haiti). This was about 43% of all the recorded Creole's in USA. [70] In 1862, the Union general Ben Butler abolished French instruction in New Orleans schools, and statewide measures in 1864 and 1868 further cemented the policy. Nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carr (French Quarter) dates from the Spanish period (the Ursuline Convent an exception). Common extinct surnames include Bread, Spinster, Chips, Rummage, Pussett, Temples, Wellbelove, Hatman and Bytheseashore. As Black Creoles gauge their relations to African-Americans, Cajuns, and other Whites (Italian, German, Irish, Isleno, French) among the major ethnic groups in the region, they make multiple group associations and show singular group pride in their diverse heritage. Spanish Canary Islanders, called Isleos, emigrated from the Canary Islands of Spain to Louisiana under the Spanish crown between 1778 and 1783. The 1980 census does note over 250,000 people who speak some form of French or Creole, mostly in southern Louisiana parishes. It has colonial French roots. However, by the 1750's in New France, the idea of the Native Americans became one of the "Noble Savage," that Indians were spiritually pure and played an important role in the natural purity of the New World. Theres Chris Brown, Jim Brown, and James Brown. Girls and small children tend to assist their mother, and older boys and young men may work with their father. These cool last names range from unique and pretty to cute and fancy. We were constrained to abandon our possessions and our servants, who have shown us fidelity and attachment, which did not permit us at the last minute to hide from them our route and plans. In New Orleans, the festival draws large numbers of tourists and has a public focus on elite parades. Given the favored treatment of lighter people with more European appearance, some Creoles would passe blanc (pass for White) to seek privileges of status, economic power, and education denied to non-Whites. Most Common Last Names In Haiti. Their living conditions were difficult: uprooted, they had to face a new, often hostile, environment, with difficult climate and tropical diseases. What we're asking is, "How is your mother and them?". It is especially in the realms of ritual, festival, food, and music as expressive cultural forms that Creole identity within the region is asserted and through which the culture as a whole is recognized, though often misrepresented, nationally and internationally. Now, only some people over the age of 80 can speak Spanish in these communities. Up. Among those eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Louisiana Creoles with African ancestry, a higher percentage than in the rest of the American South was freed from slavery in Louisiana, owing in part to French and Spanish attitudes toward acknowledgment of social and biological mingling. Depending upon which island in this twinisland state is being discussed, the culture name is "Trinidadian" or "Tobagonian." Ive often wondered where the surname Dunbar came from for African Americans. Most Creole kinship terms are from the French, as in mere, pere, frere, belle soeur, beau-pere, and so on. This article refers to the Louisiana Creole people of predominantly, American fears of the St. Dominican refugees, Rivalry between Louisiana Creoles and Anglo-Americans, Louisiana Creoles in Post-bellum Louisiana, Dessalines did make an exception for some Germans and. Urban Creoles and town dwellers have a long association in the skilled crafts. Later 19th-century immigrants to Louisiana, such as Irish, Germans and Italians, also married into the Creole group. Black Last Names: 80 Popular & Common African American, African, & Caribbean Surnames Listed, 5 Best Boston Neighborhoods For Black Singles, Young Professionals & Families Massachusetts, 5 Best Chicago Neighborhoods for Black Singles, Young Professionals, & Families Illinois, 5 Best Indianapolis Neighborhoods for Young Black Professionals, Singles & Black Families Indiana, 37 Kids Books to Aid Talks on Race and Racism, 5 Top Carson City Neighborhoods For Black Families, Singles & Young Professionals, 5 Top St. Paul Neighborhoods For Black Families, Singles & Young Professionals. In either case, the name would probably be one from the British Isles. "Zydeco and Mardi Gras: Creole Performance Genres and Identity in Rural French Louisiana." [20] During the Spanish control of Louisiana, between 1770 and 1803, most of the slaves still came from the Congo and the Senegambia region but they also imported more slaves from modern-day Benin. Marriage within the Catholic church usually takes place during the partners' teens and early twenties. Various color terms, such as griffe, quadroon, and octoroon, were used in color/caste-conscious New Orleans to describe nineteenth-century Creoles of color in terms of social categories for race based on perceived ancestry. The Americans sentenced Grandjean and his accomplices to work on a slave chain-gang for the rest of their lives.[38]. [21] In addition, in the early nineteenth century, many St. Dominicans also settled in Louisiana, both free people of color and slaves, following the Haitian Revolution on Saint-Domingue, contributing to the Voodoo tradition of the state. Jambalaya is prepared in two ways: "red" and "brown". During the Age of Discovery, native-born colonists were referred to as Creoles to distinguish them from the new arrivals of France, Spain, and Africa. This last name is one of them that experienced the most growth during the decade with an 8% increase. Baby Name Generator. These conditions slowed colonization. Your email address will not be published. Ceremonies . Jambalaya." That year, Spain abolished Native American slavery. (Since the mid-20th century, the number of Spanish-speaking Creoles has declined in favor of English speakers. Indeed, Creoles of color had been members of the militia for decades under both French and Spanish control of the colony of Louisiana. This unique-sounding French last name means 'bold' or 'daring'. By the end of the 18th century, many Creoles of color were educated and tended to work in artisan or skilled trades; a relatively high number were property owners. The Dominican Creoles' specialized population raised Louisiana's level of culture and industry, and was one of the reasons why Louisiana was able to gain statehood so quickly. Graham (English origin) means "gravel homestead" or "grey home". Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. This list represents the many cultures that contribute to the vibrant and multi-faceted Black community in the United States. Indeed, more than half of the refugee population of Saint-Domingue settled in Louisiana. At the time this was filmed, there were Black, White and Mixed-race LC communities that weren't really aware of each other and each had different definitions of what it meant to be Louisiana Creole. New Orleans: Louisiana State Museum. The term Black Creole refers to freed slaves from Haiti and their descendants. "Creole" is still used to describe the heritage and customs of the various people who settled Louisiana during the early French colonial times. His son, John Dimitry, fought with the Confederate Louisiana Native Guards to defend the Creole State. They were often housed in barns and performed hard labor. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 7. It can also refer to the Creole people of Louisiana who live in the parishes just west and northwest of Baton Rouge and, of course, in and around New Orleans. Mohammed Mohammed is the most common surname in Trinidad and Tobago where 0.43 percent reside.. What is Trinidad last name? By law, Creoles of Color enjoyed most of the same rights and privileges as whites. Creole landowners, independent grocers, dance hall operators, priests, and educators are power figures in rural Creole Communities. The Creole family name was found in the USA between 1880 and 1920. Like gumbo, Creole culture emerged from a unique relationship between European settlers and West African slaves on the Gulf Coast. Youd be wrong; there are thousands and thousands of Africans who share the same name. In the twentieth century, the gens de couleur libres in Louisiana became increasingly associated with the term Creole, in part because Anglo-Americans struggled with the idea of an ethno-cultural identity not founded in race. Some families obtained land after the Civil War through "forty acres and a mule" redistribution. Oliveira - someone who owned or was born in a place with many olive trees. [47] Alexander Dimitry was one of the few people of color to take on a leadership role within the Confederate Government. Name. These Creoles and Mtis families generally did not remain in New Orleans and opted for settlement in the northwestern "Creole parishes" of higher ground. The Mardi Gras Indians associate under names like Creole Wild West, White Eagles, or Yellow Pocahontas. In rural areas, the new charismatic Catholicism has also been Influential. [71] However, as late as 1902 "one-fourth of the population of the city spoke French in ordinary daily intercourse, while another two-fourths was able to understand the language perfectly,"[72] and as late as 1945, one still encountered elderly Creole women who spoke no English. The misfortunes of the French Revolution have cast upon this country so many talented men. Some newly freed Black folks who could read chose unique names they . Some slaves had no last names. Historically, the Creole churches and parishes, especially those in rural areas and some poorer urban neighborhoods, have been viewed by the church as missionary districts. Grant (English origin) meaning "tall" or "great". These names were drawn from lists of applicants to Haitian universities. Linguistic Affiliation. Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in English) in New Orleans, Louisiana, is a Carnival celebration well known throughout the world. Likewise, the children of the first Africans in Louisiana, brought here in slavery starting in 1719, would have been known as Black Creoles, or "Creole slaves." Historically, then, "Creole" was not a racial signifier, but rather a pan-racial, place-based ethnicity, with the unifying commonality being local nativity. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Solomon - (English origin) The surname Solomon means peaceful. This parish is known to be uniquely Creole; today a large portion of the nearly 22,000 residents can trace Creole ancestry. Some of these "Creoles of color," as they were also sometimes called, owned slaves themselves and had their children educated in Europe. Historic rural outlier settlements are also found on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain and in northern Louisiana in the Cane River area south of Natchitoches. Many Creoles of color were free-born, and their descendants often enjoyed many of the same privileges as whites while under Spanish rule, including (but not limited to) property ownership, formal education, and service in the militia. Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, "Louisiana Creole Dictionary", www.LouisianaCreoleDictionary.com Website. Haitian last names are mainly derived from French, with some Latin influence and a number of imports from other countries, especially Spanish- and English-speaking countries. While the sophisticated Creole society of New Orleans has historically received much attention, the Cane River (Rivire aux Cannes) area developed its own strong Creole culture. As long as we die with you, we will be happy.' It is often considered the Creole music of Louisiana. LOCATION: Gabon (western Central Africa) Landry (British origin), signifies a powerful landlord. The word zydeco (les haricots ) literally translates from Creole as "snapbeans." Celebs You Didn't Know Were Biracial Watch The Video Below Still another class of Creole originates with the placage system in which white and creole men took on mixed-race mistresses in a . Jacobs, Claude F. (198). Some St. Dominican refugees did attempt to perpetuate French Revolutionary ideas on their arrival into Louisiana, which American authorities feared. Color film; 56 minutes. The system of plaage that continued into the 19th century resulted in many young white men having women of color as partners and mothers of their children, often before or even after their marriages to white women. "Spirit Guides and Possession in the New Orleans Black Spiritual Churches." The name "Creole" has a polysemic history, and its meaning remains heavily context-bound to the present. Today, zydeco musicians sing in English, Louisiana Creole or Colonial Louisiana French. French Creole historically is a language discrete from French. Following the Union victory in the Civil War, the Louisiana three-tiered society was gradually overrun by more Anglo-Americans, who classified everyone by the South's binary division of "black" and "white". Even so, in the total general population, Williams ranks as the third most common last name overall. Many of their historic plantations still exist. During the American period (1804-1820), almost half of the slaves came from the Congo. Under the French and Spanish rulers, Louisiana developed a three-tiered society, similar to that of Saint-Domingue (Haiti), Cuba, Brazil, Saint Lucia, Martinique, Guadeloupe and other Latin colonies. Additionally, there were these first names often used as surnames: This is due to the 7.3% increase seen in the 10 year gap. The Cane River as well as Avoyelles and St. Landry Creole family surnames include but are not limited to: Antee, Anty, Arceneaux, Arnaud, Balthazar, Barre', Bayonne, Beaudoin, Bellow, Bernard, Biagas, Bossier, Boyr, Brossette, Buard, Byone, Carriere, Cassine, Catalon, Chevalier, Chretien, Christophe, Cloutier, Colson, Colston, Conde, Conant, Coute, Cyriak, Cyriaque, Damas, DeBis, DeCuir, Deculus, DeLouche, Delphin, De Sadier, De Soto, Dubreil, Dunn, Dupr. [23][24] Further confusing the name's indication of ethnic, linguistic, religious, or other implications, the concurrent Bambara Empire had notoriety for its practice of slave-capturing wherein Bambara soldiers would raid neighbors and capture the young men of other ethnic groups, forcibly assimilate them, and turn them into slave soldiers known as Ton. The community now hosts an annual "Creole Families Bastille Day (weekend) Heritage & Honorarium Festival in which a celebration of Louisiana's multi-ethnic French Creoles is held, with Catholic mass, Bastille Day Champagne toasting of honorees who've worked in some way to preserve and promote the French Creole heritage and language traditions. Historian Joan Martin maintains that there is little documentation that casket girls (considered among the ancestors of French Creoles) were transported to Louisiana. LANGUAGE: Haitian Creole; French An instrument unique to zydeco is a form of washboard called the frottoir or scrub board. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Louisiana Creole (Louisiana Creole: Kryl La Lwizyn) is a French-based creole language spoken by fewer than 10,000 people, mostly in the state of Louisiana. During the next two years, the French attacked the Natchez in return, causing them to flee or, when captured, be deported as slaves to their Caribbean colony of Saint-Domingue (later Haiti). This is an 8.1% increase from 2000 where they came across approximately 58,000 less Williams. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Afro-French, Black Creoles, Black French, Creoles, Croles, Croles Noirs, Creoles of Color. The surname Williams occurs roughly 550 times per 100,000 people in the U.S. Theres Melanie B(rown) from Spice Girls and Bobby Brown. Post-World War II migrants fleeing racial discrimination and seeking Economic opportunity also established major Creole populations in the Los Angeles and San Francisco areas. Individuals and groups of individuals through innovation, adaptation, and contact continually enrich the French language spoken in Louisiana, seasoning it with linguistic features that can sometimes only be found in Louisiana. Colonial/Continental French derives from the speakers of French among colonial settlers, planters, mercantilists, and non-Acadian farmer-laborers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Creoles also hold an array of mainstream jobs, such as teaching, law enforcement, medicine, and so on. Notable Afro-Surinamese people [ edit] Andwl Slory Belfon Aboikoni, Maroon leader Alice Amafo, politician Boni, freedom fighter Remy Bonjasky, kickboxer Darl Douglas Dsi Bouterse, politician Diego Biseswar Dwight Tiendalli Edson Braafheid, football player Ian Maatsen Jayden Oosterwolde Ronnie Brunswijk, politician and rebel leader Early Notables of the Adams family (pre 1700) Notable amongst bearers of this family name during their early history was William Adams (1585-1661), London Haberdasher born in Newport, Shropshire, who founded Adams' Grammar School in 1656; Sir Thomas Adams, 1st Baronet (1586-1667), Lord Mayor of the City of London and a Member of Parliament for the City of London from 1654-1655 and. As more refugees were allowed in Louisiana, St. Dominican refugees who had first gone to Cuba also arrived. Marksville has a significant populace of French Creoles. [25], Louisiana slave society generated its own distinct Afro-Creole culture that was present in religious beliefs and the Louisiana Creole language. General Inquiries: [email protected] Those might or might not be the owner's surname. It makes use of what is sometimes called the Holy trinity: onions, celery and green peppers. If youre scratching your head for some people whose last name is Williams, theres Venus and Serena Williams, Vanessa Williams, Michelle Williams, Pharrell Williams, and more. Subsistence and Commercial Activities . The Royal Indies Company held a monopoly over the slave trade in the area. What is the most common last name in Trinidad? Along with these diverse Mtis & Creole families came West Indian slaves (Caribbean people). In an established urban setting like New Orleans, men have similarly tended to be those who labored outside the home in the crafts previously noted, while women have been primary in the Domestic sphere. Smith - You've got to have heard of Smith. The Creole "homeland" is semitropical French Louisiana in the southern part of the state along the Gulf of Mexico. 10. Other major house types include the California bungalow, shotgun houses, and mobile homes. Creoles are, like most southern Louisianians, predominantly Catholic. Over time its meaning extended to all people and things of Domestic rather than foreign origin. The Indians bought European goods (fabric, alcohol, firearms, etc. Zydeco (a transliteration in English of 'zaric' (snapbeans) from the song, "Les haricots sont pas sals"), was born in black Creole communities on the prairies of southwest Louisiana in the 1920s. With a population of over 600,000, Boston has plenty to offer to young professionals, singles, and families. Here is a quote from a Louisiana Creole who remarked on the rapid development of his homeland: Nobody knows better than you just how little education the Louisianians of my generation have received and how little opportunity one had twenty years ago to procure teachers Louisiana today offers almost as many resources as any other state in the American Union for the education of its youth. This is a vest made of corrugated aluminum, and played by the musician working bottle openers, bottle caps or spoons up and down the length of the vest. The term creole was originally used by French settlers to distinguish persons born in Louisiana from those born in the mother country or elsewhere. "[45], After the United States acquired the area in the Louisiana Purchase, mixed-race Creoles of color resisted American attempts to impose their binary racial culture. [40] Later on, some of the descendants of these Creole of color veterans of the Battle of New Orleans, like Caesar Antoine, went on to fight in the American Civil War. Still another class of Creole originates with the placage system in which white and creole men took on mixed-race mistresses in a lifelong arrangement, even if the men were married or married later. 1. Of the linguistic varieties, this "old Louisiana French" is the least used, although some upper-caste plantation area and urban Creoles speak the language, and its elements are maintained through Catholic schools and French-speaking social clubs in New Orleans. The Natchez massacred 250 colonists in Lower Louisiana in retaliation for encroachment by French settlers. Being a French, and later Spanish colony, Louisiana maintained a three-tiered society that was very similar to other Latin American and Caribbean countries, with the three tiers: aristocracy, bourgeoisie, and peasantry. The parish's namesake of "Evangeline" is a reflection of the affection the parish's founder, Paulin Fontenot had for Henry Wadsworth's famous poem of the same name, and not an indication of the parish's ethnic origin. Sterkx, Herbert E. (1972). [34][35] He ordered that all whites in Haiti should also be exterminated, with few exceptions. It has developed primarily from various European, African, and Native American historic culinary influences. [36][37] Many of the slaves who accompanied St. Dominican refugees came willingly, as they feared the bloodshed, murder, pillaging, lawlessness, and economic collapse in Saint-Domingue. Nicknaming is common, with attributes from childhood or physical appearance as a focus, such as 'Tite Boy, Noir, 'Tite Poop. ." Last Names Starting with 'E' Jump directly to your surname. These and many other songs were sung by slaves on plantations, especially in St. Charles Parish, and when they gathered on Sundays at Congo Square in New Orleans. (See Creoles of color for a detailed analysis of this event.) "French in South Louisiana: towards language loss. 4,964,135. [3][4][5] The word is not a racial label and does not imply mixed racial originspeople of any race can and have identified as Louisiana Creoles. Most of the women quickly found husbands among the male residents of the colony. Carson City, Nevada, is a gorgeous town filled with natural beauty, history, museums, parks, and recreation. Recently, official ethnic organizations and events have emerged, such as Creole Inc. and the Louisiana Zydeco Festival. In the early 19th century, floods of St. Dominican refugees fled from Saint-Domingue and poured into New Orleans, nearly tripling the city's population. One hopes [Latins], and the other doubts [Anglos]. However, some concessions were made to fleeing St. Dominican refugees, especially after the 1804 Haiti Massacre. Places; Login. Alternative, Black Code of Mississippi (25 November 1865), Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Black Elk (1863-1950), Oglala Lakota Spiritual Leader and Healer, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/black-creoles-louisiana, Folklore: Latin American and Caribbean Culture Heroes and Characters. Decuir (French origin), possibly meaning "a curer of leather". [80] A French Creole Heritage day has been held annually in Avoyelles Parish on Bastille Day since 2012. In all forms of government, public forums and in the Catholic Church, French continued to be used. Amede is a female French-inspired name that remains popular among Creoles. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. The largest and most elaborate parades take place the last five days of the season. (February 22, 2023). Traditional healers in rural Black Creole and Cajun communities are called traiteurs. whose name is Clifford Harris Jr. Rounding out this top 10 list, we have Robinson. Women in placage relationships to White planters and mercantilists were often granted freedom and, as such, became symbols of family settlement and economic power for succeeding generations. Edmee (pronounced ed-may)-this pretty, usual name means prosperous protection Eliette -a feminine twist on the male Elliot, this little girl will be right at home with Ellas and Emilys, and the adorable nickname Ellie is always an option as well. The commonly accepted definition of Louisiana Creole today is a person descended from ancestors in Louisiana before the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803. [15] Such events inspired Manon Lescaut (1731), a novel written by the Abb Prvost, which was later adapted as an opera in the 19th century. Indianapolis has a lot to offer for young black professionals, singles, and black families. Through both the French and Spanish (late 18th century) regimes, parochial and colonial governments used the term Creole for ethnic French and Spanish people born in the New World as opposed to Europe. Andre Lalande; Patrice Louviere; Cesaire Lavache; Abelard Dupuis; Raymond - (Teutonic origin) Meaning godlike or mighty protection. You can also only generate last names by deleting the text in the textbox labeled: "First Name:", you can add or change the name in . [33], Nearly 90 percent of early 19th century immigrants to the territory settled in New Orleans. Virginia had the highest population of Creole families in 1880. In addition, social advancement and community support and expressive recreation is organized through associations such as Mardi Gras crews, Knights of Peter Klaver (Black Catholic men's society), burial societies, and, particularly in New Orleans, social aide and pleasure clubs. In New Orleans, Creoles have tended to remain strongly affiliated with neighborhoods such as the Treme area near the French Quarter as well as in the Gentilly area. On December 21, 1988 Jesse Jackson and a group of other black "leaders" officialy declared their support for the term 'African American'. Today's Zydeco often incorporates a blend of swamp pop, blues, and/or jazz as well as "Cajun Music" (originally called Old Louisiana French Music). They rejected the Americans' effort to transform them overnight. This name generator will give you 10 random Cajun names and surnames. Louisiana authors, Creole food, and cultural events featuring scholarly lectures and historical information along with fun for families with free admission, and vendor booths are also a feature of this very interesting festival which unites all French Creoles who share this common culture and heritage. She unilaterally changed records to classify mixed-race individuals as black if she found they had any black (or African) ancestry, an application of hypodescent rules, and did not notify people of her actions. The area that today is Senegal once was part of the West African Empire of Mali, Ghana, and Tekru, PRONUNCIATION: gab-uh-NEEZ Religious Beliefs. Although many Creoles reject Cajun sociocultural dominance reflected in the naming of the Region, there is no doubt that Cajuns and rural Black Creoles (outside New Orleans) have interacted culturally to a great degree as evidenced in Cajun/Creole music, food, and language. Most versions contain smoked sausage, more commonly used instead of ham in modern versions.