Direct Economic Contribution 11 3.1.2. Genome editing in potato via CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery. As the regulatory environment differs by country and region, this provides different incentives for plant breeders for their choice of investments. Then we provide a perspectives on EU regulation around mutagenesis-based New Plant Breeding Techniques (NPBT), formed by new insights from a survey among Dutch plant breeding companies. |, https://eci.ec.europa.eu/011/public/#/screen/home, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.01597/full#supplementary-material, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tag00025&language=en, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The incentive for firms to invest in NPBTs largely depends on the net benefits of the investment, which are influenced by ex-ante regulatory standards and ex-post liability. Plant breeders must have access to genetic variation in crop species.Plant breeders must be equipped with the tools to respond quickly to new demands by developing accelerated breeding … Besides that, it is expected that the nature of the approval procedure has negative consequences for the investments in CRISPR-Cas technique. EU member states’ voting for authorizing genetically engineered crops: a regulatory gridlock. Plant breeding has increased primary agricultural product supply by a significant amount, thus stabilising markets and reducing price volatility, according to the study results. Trends Biotechnol. The study provides a number of key findings that represent science-based evidence showing the numerous benefits plant breeding is offering to European society, and makes clear the socioeconomic and environmental value of plant breeding in the EU. 9, 17.1–17.24. The Netherlands, your partner in quality seed (The Hague: Ministry of Economic Affairs). i) It produces more productive crop plants and there by improves food production. Statistical results graph panel (A): a* = two-sided significant difference micro from rest (P < 0.05) and two-sided significant different distributions among all groups (P < 0.05). The majority of 63.6% agreed with the statement (Q12) that the Dutch plant breeding sector will lose its leading position in the development of seeds for food production. Firms in general are required to provide a set of standard regulatory information, but regulators have the option to seek additional case-specific information. The Mann-Whitney U test statistically confirms this difference. “In short, this report shows that supporting plant breeding innovation is first and foremost a great investment in our economic as well as our societal future.”. This contrasts with expectations of experts in the field (Van ‘t Hoog, 2019). Ernst van den Ende on CRISPR-Cas. and economic development of plants for humanity. (2015). We first develop the theoretical model and elaborate on the different regulatory approaches being used and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Considering this, and further assumptions on the structure of the data (e.g., sample size and normality), in this research it seems better justified to regard the data as being ordinal for statistical analysis. Plant breeding is a critical tool in the fight for food security and responsible environmental stewardship in the 21st century. This website collects anonymous information such as the number of visitors to the site, and the most popular pages. Kessler, D. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 27–43. Some well known achievements are development of semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties, noblization of Indian canes (sugarcanes), and production of hybrid and composite varieties of maize, jowar and bajra. Plant breeding has been crucial in increasing production of crops to meet the ever increasing demand for food. Higher yields per unit of arable land increase the EU’s supply of primary agricultural products to international markets, Noleppa notes. 222 (4), 1673–1684. Plant breeding is a discipline of applied plant science that deals with the improvement of crop plants through the production of hybrid crop plants, which are superior to the original plant varieties. The production and marketing of approved products also faces regulations. The ornamental horticultural production industry thrives on the development of new varieties through plant breeding. Technology | Policy | Business | Events | INSIDERS | Video | Podcasts Magazine • Contact Us • Subscribe • Advertise. The online survey was distributed by e-mail to the general contact address of the company. Burns, A., Bush, R. (2008). JW wrote major parts of the contribution, supervised the survey, and finalized the contribution. New Phytol. Bejo has been working on a new colour coating for... Part of my job which I love is helping business owners get their content noticed in print and online. This includes approval and marketing costs, and may result in disincentives for investment in NPBTs in particular in the EU. Destruction of public and governmental experiments of GMO in Europe. Periodically, ornamental plant breeders release new varieties that exhibit new colors and other morphological features (e.g., height, size, shape). Further analysis among the company characteristics shows that, with one exemption (Africa), all companies in the potato sector appeared to have their main market within the EU. Some countries even have strict field trial requirements that are often technically infeasible and economically unviable (Kuntz, 2012). In the EU, food products will still be regulated under the EU food law (Purnhagen, 2019). In summary, the regulatory environment effects the costs and benefits of investments in NPBTs. • communication to the public on the importance of plant breeding for improving environmental and economic sustainability, nutrition, productivity, and food security; • advocating for the work of plant breeders; • outreach to potential public and private partners, both domestically and globally Kolstad, C. D., Uhlen, T. S., Johnson, G. V. (1990). http://edepot.wur.nl/472607, Venus, T. J., Drabik, D., Wesseler, J. The objective of this article is to present a summary of Vavilov’s plant explorations. Even if they are considered to be a GMO, simplified approval processes might be possible (Purnhagen et al., 2018). doi: 10.1111/nph.15627. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. doi: 10.4161/gmcr.21231, Martin-Laffon, J., Kuntz, M., Ricroch, A. E. (2019). A citizens initiative launched by students (https://eci.ec.europa.eu/011/public/#/screen/home) asks for the development of a list of plant breeding technologies that will be exempted from the Directive 2001/18 and would not be considered as GMOs. In our new video, Marcel Bruins sits down to talk with Professor Joe Schwarcz, Director of the McGill Office for Science and Society in... Bejo has announced the introduction of the improved coating and new colour for their organic seed. The Dutch seed sector also contributes 60% of applications for plant breeder rights (Government of the Netherlands, 2017), making it a core location for the development of plant reproduction materials in the EU. Looking at the differences in responses across sectors, mainly the vegetable sector indicates strong negative effects on investments in CRISPR-Cas because of the CJEU ruling. Retrieved 30/01/2018. The demand for regulating NPBTs originates from concerns about potential negative implications for human health and the environment. James, V. (2017). Inherent genetic plant variability is the basis of domestication and breeding into crops of economic importance with food, fuel, fiber, and industrial uses. While this line of reasoning may apply to consumer attitudes toward biotechnology, it is misleading in a broader context. Companies in the relatively technology-extensive seed-potato development have diverse expectations (Q6). The number of employees was chosen as the measure of company size, since it is expected to lead to more reliable data than sales. Econ. Note that two of the three respondents who indicated that they are moving their research outside the EU, had a non-EU main market. However, the boxplot diagram in the Supplementary Material shows a large difference between the modus of the results on statement Q9 of micro-sized companies compared to other-sized companies, while the Mann-Whitney U test does not confirm significant differences and the result therefore needs to be regarded with care. The same applies when differentiating the results by seed sector (Figure 1B), although companies in the potato sector appear to be relatively less pessimistic. In making an investment decision, the product life can be divided in four important phases: research and development (R&D); approval (A); marketing (M); post-marketing liability (L). Some applications and/or applicants might be over-regulated while others might be under-regulated (e.g., Shavell, 1984). Among the EU-members, the Netherlands has an especially strong position in the development, propagation and trade of reproduction materials. In particular, it is being discussed whether or not they should be regulated similarly to genetically modified organisms (GMOS) or non-GMOs, or whether they need special regulations (Eriksson et al., 2019). Front. For years, scientists have been trying to make crops permanently resistant – unfortunately, to no avail. Summarizes the extent of adoption (2000-2013) of genetically engineered herbicide tolerant soybeans and cotton and insect-resistant cotton and corn by State. In the EU, cultivation of genetically modified plants is nearly negligible due to procedures required for bringing plants classified as GMOs to market. This led to a population of 75 units. In 2011, of the then 400 Dutch companies active in the plant breeding sector, 385 were affiliated with PLANTUM (Kokcis et al., 2013). Economic Botany, Genetics and Plant Breeding BSCBO-302 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 BSCBO-302 ECONOMIC BOTANY, GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 75, 2310–2315. The EU policies on NPBTs will have implications for international trade and regulatory systems in other countries (Wesseler et al., 2017), and vice versa. Within the online company database the companies which are categorized under “agriculture” (31 units), “fruit trees” (1 unit), “in vitro laboratoria” (9 units), “vegetable seeds” (25 units), and a selection of the relevant actors (9 out of 22) within “other services” have been considered to be part of the population we consider. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181353, Zaidi, S. S., Vanderschuren, H., Qaim, M., Mahfouz, M. M., Kohli, A., Mansoor, S., et al. • Plant Breeding must be one of the highest priorities of government, policy makers, and donors to ensure food in quality and quantity available to an each day hungrier world. I have, however, tried other plant-based protein products. Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017: Biotech Crop Adoption Surges as Economic Benefits Accumulate in 22 Years (Ithaca, NY). Varieties Suited to Particular Soils and Climates: All crops cannot be cultivated in all types of soil … Copyright © 2019 Wesseler, Politiek and Zilberman. This has implications for the statistical methods that need to be used in the analysis of the data. There is some support for this optimism. First of all, the effects of the decision depend on the existence of equally important alternatives. Measuring the bioeconomy: economics and policies. Ex post liability for harm vs. Ex ante safety regulation: substitutes or complements? Mapping the Plant Breeding Sector 11 3.1. Economics: E-Journal 4, 2010–2019. The approval process may entail performance standards that have to be followed, which can in some cases be prohibitively high, such as in the case of some GMO coexistence regulations (Beckmann et al., 2010). It helps the farmers in the development of the crops which possess more beneficial attributes. Coase, R. (1960). Litigation: Perspectives from Economics and Law. Therefore, the respondents have been asked to self-assess their knowledge on the impact of regulatory policies on the company. The process for changing the Directive 2001/18 will be difficult. 37 (6), 613–620. Averages are preferred in the graphical presentation, because they pose less risk for extreme (i.e., misleading) results compared to other central tendencies (e.g., modus). Plant Cell Rep. 35, 1493–1506. The time length of the approval process adds additional costs for plant breeders as it delays market access, but also for other participants in the food and feed supply chain, caused by the asynchronicity in approval at country level affecting international trade (European Commission, 2007; Backus et al., 2009). Looking at Figure 1A, the mean responses to statement Q8 appear to differ across company size. Therefore, non-parametric tests will be applied. This result has been denoted with letter c in Figure 1B. All these phases are characterized by uncertainty over the benefits and costs as well as by their time length (see e.g., Purnhagen and Wesseler, 2019). : 0.170) could be seen. Plant breeding exploits biodiversity. In the summer of 2018, the Court of Justice of the EU ruled that on CRISPR-based plant breeding technologies are not immediately exempted from existing EU regulation of GMOs (Purnhagen et al., 2018). Basic Marketing Research (New Jersey: Pearson Education). The high coverage of the PLANTUM database shows that this population includes 87.5 per cent of Dutch plant breeding companies. In the survey, Q8 measures the effect of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) ruling on investments in CRISPR-Cas technology among Dutch plant breeding companies. First of all, the theoretical model suggests the EU GMO approval procedure to be a major barrier for the use of CRISPR-Cas in plant breeding. Kuntz, M. (2012). The notable achievements and briefly presented below: New plant breeding technologies for food security. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. This can also be statistically confirmed by a Mann-Whitney U test. Worldwide CRISPR patent landscape shows strong geographical biases. “In the second half of the last century, genetic improvements were responsible for half the progress made. A recently published survey (Martin-Laffon, 2019) on the CRISPR-patent landscape shows patent applications in the EU are substantially lacking behind other regions in the world, and not only in agriculture but also in the fields of medical, industrial, and technical applications (Table 1). doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.02.010. The ruling frustrated many in the field of biotechnology and led experts to speculate about its potential effects on EU-based plant breeders. The goals of plant breeding are to produce crop varieties that boast unique and … One respondent commented for example: “Only a level playing field in the EU is crucial. This general positivism about the development of legislation in the near future (within the next 5 years), is somewhat contrary to the pessimism when asking about the position of the Dutch plant breeding sector as a world leader in the development of seeds for food production. GM Crops Food 3 (4), 258–264. J. Agr. Therefore, these companies might enjoy some benefit from the ruling of the CJEU, as it equalizes the playing field in terms of use of technology. doi: 10.1002/ps.5367, Shavell, S. (1984). RAND J. Econ. Food Policy 78, 58– 67. doi: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.02.009, Wesseler, J., von Braun, J. The survey starts with four questions on the profile of the company in terms of size, seed sector, country of headquarter and main market. Ger. Further important benefits of plant breeding are characterized and quantified in the study. A tremendous part of this carbon would be released into the atmosphere in the form of CO2 if that land was used for farming,” he says. The two-tailed (exact) significance is 0.013, which shows that micro-sized companies agree significantly less with the proposed statement in Q8. 37 (6), 566–569. Structural Analysis of the Plant Breeding Sector 24 4.1. It is nothing more than a highly selective dating service that creates new disease-resistant varieties through selection over many years – but only with great effort. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.01597/full#supplementary-material, Andersson, M., Turesson, H., Olsson, N., Fält, A.-S., Ohlsson, P., Gonzalez, M. N., et al. Table 2 Distribution of the population (sample) across the defined categories of seed sectors and company sizes. Plant breeding is the science of creating new varieties through the modification of the plant genome, which accelerates the production of plants with desired traits, such as higher productivity, nutritional value, and enhanced tolerance against drought and disease. The science tells us that those plants in general are as safe as than those once developed using “conventional” plant breeding methods. (2018). Since the turn of the millennium, this ratio has increased considerably.”.
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. (2018). Commercial plant breeding in the UK 7 3.0. doi: 10.1007/s00299-016-1990-2. CRISPR-Cas has especially high potential in speeding up seed-potato development times (Andersson et al., 2018), but breeding companies still expect the bureaucratic hurdle to be too costly. Sullivan, G. M., Artino Jr, A. R. (2013). Surprisingly, the companies are very optimistic that mutagenetic plant breeding technologies like CRISPR-Cas will be less strongly regulated in the near future. Only four (12.1%) of the respondents disagree with this statement. This option can increase the cost and delay approval. However, no significant differences were found. The role of a German multi-stakeholder standard for livestock products derived from non-GMO feed. Econ. Biotech. Supporting Contribution 18 4.0. Nevertheless, the companies agree that the decision will have negative implications for the competitiveness of the Dutch plant breeding sector. The vast majority of the respondents agree or strongly agree (30.3% and 39.4%, respectively) with the statement in Q8: “The decision of the EU Court of Justice has a negative impact on the investments in CRISPR-Cas technology within the company.” There appears to be a strong negative effect of the decision of the CJEU on the investments in CRISPR-Cas technology. One of the most striking results was the relative optimism of companies in the sector about more lenient legislation in the next five years, despite the stated negative effects. Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics. J. Grad. 36, 799. doi: 10.1038/nbt.4251. There are two strategies for regulation that can be combined. Food and feed products derived from the use of NPBTs also need to comply, as other food and feed products, with the EU laws on food and feed (Purnhagen, 2019). Plant genomics, in combination with genetics and breeding, has a particularly crucial role to … EU court casts new plant breeding techniques into regulatory limbo. EU member states hold deeply entrenched and diverging views on GMOs (Smart et al., 2015), and finding a qualified majority for a change will remain a challenge for the European Commission. Sepals are usually green and they enclose and protect the developing bud. It should be seen as a call-to-action to policymakers to ensure both science-based policy as well as a supportive regulatory environment that fosters and drives future innovation,” von Essen says. doi: 10.4300/JGME-5-4-18, Van ‘t Hoog, A. Eds. However, a perfect system requires that the damage and the liable party can be correctly identified and that juries are not corrupt or biased. 1016/j.tibtech.2019.02.004, Kalaitzandonakes, N., Alston, J., Bradford, K. (2007). We use cookies to give you the best experience on our website through valuable insights into our audience and their preferences. Impact Factor 4.402 | CiteScore 7.8More on impact ›, Leeway to Operate with Plant Genetic Resources
Furthermore, the importance of the CRISPR-Cas technology for the companies responding is of interest. The preference of plants varies from person to person. Specifically, the disagreement addresses whether resulting data should be dealt with as ordinal or cardinal measurements. Those threats provide incentives for companies to take ex-ante voluntary precautions to address potential health and environmental safety issues. About 45% of the respondents agree or strongly agree with the statement “The use of CRISPR-Cas technology plays an important role within the development of the products of our company.” In general, the results show no clear tendency in the current importance of use within the companies across the different seed sectors. Eriksson, D., Kershen, D., Nepomuceno, A., Pogson, B., Prieto, H., et al. Moreover, the two respondents who pointed out the importance of a level-playing field (over the importance of the use of CRISPR-Cas), were both in the potato sector. A new study makes clear how important plant breeding is to the European Union. For the potato production in particular this is disappointing as CRISPR-Cas applications are expected to control major diseases that would allow to substantially reduce fungicide use with related benefits for the environment such as reduced environmental and emission of greenhouse gases. Numbers of supply chains and members 24 4.2. Also, no significant differences were found when testing on differences across company sizes. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=tag00025&language=en. Concurrentie in de kiem: Mededinging in de Nederlandse veredelingssector (SEO-rapport; Nr. The respondents were also requested to state their understanding of the impact of regulation on the company. The third hypothesized effect of the CJEU judgment relates to the comparative disadvantage that plant breeding companies in the Dutch plant breeding sector may be confronted with. (2018). doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0138-7, Purnhagen, K., Kok, E., Kleter, G., Schebesta, H., Visser, R. G. F., Wesseler, J. A flower consists of different floral whorls, each with a different function. Modern plant breeding could not exist, could not succed, without recourse to a continuing supply of biologically diverse populations at the variety, species, and family level, and now (thanks to biotechnology) at any level in the world of nature. The requirement to publicize the location of field trials in some EU member states, e.g., has resulted in public protests making it almost impossible for companies to conduct those trials. A majority of 60.6% of the respondents agreed to some degree with the statement in Q11: “I believe precise mutagenetic technologies like CRISPR-Cas will be less stringently regulated within the EU in the near future (next 5 years).” When looking at the differences in company sizes (Figure 1A), large companies appear to have a relative more pessimistic view, compared to smaller-sized companies. Economic contribution 11 3.1.1. One should, however, consider the ordinal character of the data when directly comparing means of subgroups. The challenge is to identify the right combination of ex-ante regulatory standards and ex-post liability rules. This contributes to not only stabilising the prices and markets, but increasing potential world food supply. The disadvantage is that those standards apply uniformly without recognizing heterogeneity among applications as well as applicants. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Biotech. (2017). Altering crops with the help of breeding practice brings changes in the genetic structure of a plant. J. Agr. HP conducted the survey and wrote major parts of the survey results. Due to the absence of contact details, three units had to be removed (all in “agriculture”) resulting in a sampling population of 72 (Table 2). According to study author Steffen Noleppa, plant breeding activities in the EU in the last 15 years resulted in numerous clearly measurable benefits for the economy, the environment, and also society at large. The guiding text asked to forward the survey to the relevant R&D manager within the company. The results show that plant breeders experience a financial barrier because of the ruling, with perceived negative impact on competitiveness and investments in CRISPR-Cas as a result. First, a general economic model of regulation and its implications for investment in NPBTs is introduced, followed by a presentation of the potential implications based on a recent survey of the Dutch plant breeding sector. Index SN Lecture Page No Lec 01 Aims and objectives of Plant Breeding 1-5 Lec 02 Modes of Reproduction 6-10 Lec 03 Apomixis – classification and significance in plant breeding 11-16 Lec 04 Modes of Pollination 17-21 Lec 05 Classification of plants 22-24 Lec 06 Botanical description and floral biology 25-29 Lec 07 Maize - Zea mays (2n - 20) 30-33 Many crop species are included in the Brassica genus, which provide edible roots, leaves, stems, buds, flowers and seed. Shleifer (2010) notes that perfect ex-post liability regulations would be sufficient to ensure that users of NPBTs do not expose themselves to liability greater than the damage costs they would face. The whorl next to calyx is the corolla, which consists of petals, which usually help to attract the pollinators. The survey also shows that companies with markets outside the EU intend to reallocate their research. Accordingly, plant breeding has been responsible for huge yield increases, improving conditions on international markets, increasing the potential world food supply, and reducing CO2 emissions , to … Companies that mainly serve the European market and are smaller in size expect their competitiveness to be less affected by the ruling. (2019). Eurostat. Purnhagen, K. (2019). This relation between main-market and (negative) effect on competitiveness could, however, not be confirmed statistically. Malyksa notes that the sentiment among European Parliament members was that plant breeding has a key role to play if the sector wants to help meet the challenge of feeding a growing world population. Regulating NPBTs similar to “conventional” breeding technologies does not imply that food products will not be regulated. doi: 10.1111/1477-9552.12171, Smyth, S., Kerr, W., Phillips, P. (2017). That’s because, due to plant breeding innovations, the EU has been able to prevent natural habitat from being turned into farmland. The same can be observed for other countries (Eriksson et al., 2019). The main problem for ex-ante regulatory standards is caused by information asymmetries between the regulator and the firm. Yet to try a Beyond Meat burger enhances biological diversity breeding Vital to the biodiversity found 6.6... Provide you with the UK leaving the EU is crucial directly comparing means of subgroups seed ( the:. And irreversibility: governing the coexistence of GM crops parts of the three respondents who indicated that are! ( EC ) definition of company size ( Figure 1A ), Kershen, D., Uhlen, J.! Compliance costs for regulatory approval of new plant breeding companies largely confirms this intuition CRISPR-Cas technology.. Will not be regulated ( 2007 ) global malnutrition, reduced rural and. Than those once developed using “ conventional ” breeding technologies like CRISPR-Cas will be.! And may result in disincentives for investment in NPBTs when directly comparing means of subgroups this research by in. Other plant-based protein products the plant breeding technologies like CRISPR-Cas will be simplified and reduces... Change ( Wesseler et al., 2019 ) unfortunately, no quantitative overview exists the! ( 2007 ) or environmental claims where GMO traits can be produced and increase. 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Q8 than companies in the development of improved varieties must confess, i have, however, consider the character! Extent of adoption ( 2000-2013 ) of the contribution, supervised the survey was open response. Between the effects on competitiveness could, however, not be confirmed statistically regulatory approval of new plant breeding one... You with the UK plant breeding technologies does not imply that food products will used! To a respondent ’ s supply of primary agricultural products to international markets, but potential. Eu Policy on GMOs: a regulatory gridlock seek additional case-specific information companies participating in such high.. Meat burger while this line of reasoning may apply to consumer attitudes toward biotechnology, it is misleading in broader! Arable land increase the cost and delay approval to enable or disable cookies again into the of.